ASCOT Library Zabali Campus

Chapter 1 meaning and importance of statistics to research –
Meaning of statistics –
Scope of statistics –
Functions of statistics –
Importance of statistics –
Researcher's objectives in studying statistics –
Exercises –
Chapter 2 collection and presentation of data –
Trying out or testing the reliability of the research instrument –
Validation of the research instrument –
Data processing procedure –
Data processing method –
Presentation of data –
Textual form –
Tabular form –
Graphical form –
Advantages of the polygon and the histogram –
Disadvantages of the histogram –
Chapter 3 frequency distributions and their graphic representation –
Frequency distribution –
Cumulative frequency distributions –
Graphic representation of frequency –
Distribution –
Histogram –
Frequency polygon –
Cumulative frequency polygon –
Cumulative percentage frequency polygon or ogive –
Advantages and limitations of the histogram or bar graph and the frequency polygon or line graph –
Disadvantages of the histogram –
Exercises –
Chapter 4 measures of central tendency –
Characteristics of the mean, median, and mode –
Advantages of the mean, media, and mode –
Disadvantages of the mean, media, and mode –
The arithmetic mean –
The geometric mean –
The harmonic mean –
The median –
Median from below –
Median from above –
The mode –
Exercises –
Chapter 5 point measures –
The quartile –
The decile –
The percentile –
Exercises –
Chapter 6 measures of variability, skewness, and kurtosis –
The range –
Quartile deviation or semi-interquartile range –
The average deviation or mean deviation –
The variance –
Standard deviation –
Advantages of the variance and standard deviation as measures of variability –
Interpretation of standard deviation –
Measures of relative variability –
Measures of skewness –
Measures of kurtosis –
Exercises –
Chapter 7 measures of correlation –
Perfect positive correlation –
Perfect negative correlation –
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient –
Spearman rank correlation coefficient or Spearman Rho –
Interpretation of correlation value –
Scatter diagram or scattergram –
Exercises –
Chapter 8 sampling designs –
Advantages of sampling –
Disadvantages of sampling –
Planning a sampling survey –
Determination of sample size –
Sampling designs –
Scientific sampling –
Non-scientific sampling –
Common sampling techniques –
Exercises –
Chapter 9 the use of statistical tests in research –
Objective procedure –
The null hypothesis –
Selection of an appropriate statistical test –
The level of significance –
Determine the sample size of the statistical test –
Region of rejection –
Computation of the value of the statistical test –
Interpretation of the computed value –
Exercises –
Chapter 10 probability distributions –
Possible outcomes –
Addition of probabilities –
Multiplication of probabilities –
Probability distributions –
Binomial distributions –
Exercises –
Chapter 11 Chi-square –
Definition of Chi-square –
Uses of Chi-square –
One-way classification –
Independence in a 2 x 2 table –
Independence in a 3 x 3 table –
Independence in a 5 x 5 table –
Exercises –
Chapter 12 Z-test, Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance by ranks, and Kruskals-Wallis One-Way analysis of variance by ranks –
Z-test between percentages –
Z-test between means –
Friedman's two-way analysis of variance by ranks –
Kruskals-Wallis' one-way analysis of variance by ranks –
Tied observations –
Exercises –
Chapter 13 T-test and analysis of variance (F-test) –
T-test –
One-way analysis of variance (F-test) –
Two-way analysis of variance (F-test) –
Special analysis of variance (F-test) –
Exercises –
Chapter 14 partial and multiple correlation and regression –
Partial correlation of three variables –
Partial correlation of four variables –
Multiple correlation and regression –
Regression equation in standard score form –
Exercises –
Chapter 15 analysis of covariance (ANOVA)
ANCOVA table –
Exercises.

“Statistics is an indispensable tool in many research designs in education, social and natural sciences and related disciplines. The data gathered from research in these fields can be vividly and reliably determined by applying appropriate statistical techniques.
Statistics and research are inseparable subjects. Research must be designed to arrive at a precise analysis and interpretation of data. Research designs and statistical techniques are two sides of the same coin. They do not only enable students to conduct research and interpret results correctly, but guide them in their interpretation towards conforming known rules of scien- tific evidence.
A knowledge of statistics is vital in the training of students and professionals as well as investigators in all fields of human endeavor. Economists, policy-makers, businessmen, and many others have realized the importance of statistics in planning and in policy and decision making. As a result, many colleges and universities have included statistics as a required subject in their curricular offerings.
Sad to say, the attitude of the undergraduate and graduate students toward statistics is negative and self-defeating. They come to a conclusion that this subject is difficult to comprehend. This is partly due to non-availability of simplified books in statistics applicable to research.
The main purpose of this book is to enable students and researchers in education, social and natural sciences, and related disciplines to understand the concepts and applications of statistics to research. Introduction to practical aspects of statistics to research have been done in a nonmathematical way. A numerical value is always interpreted in terms of significance. Ways of undertaking detailed testing of significance are presented to give precise interpretation of the study and meaning of the results. Pertinent exercises have been provided after each chapter.
Efforts have been made to present this book at the level of understanding of the amateur students in statistics and research. However, it is unavoiable for the authors to introduce computations using formulae. However, they are presented in the simplest way and supported by detailed computations and interpretations. This book thus attempts to introduce to researchers, statistics mentors, and students the basic concepts, principles, and techniques in statistics in the simplest approach that amateur students in statistics and research can understand.
In the preparation of the manuscript, the authors are deeply indebted to various authors in statistics whose books were used as references; they are also indebted to Mrs. Angeles M. Calmorin, for moral and financial support; Hon. Judge Severino Calmorin Aguilar, for encouragement and legal counsel; Msgr. Eliseo R. Cabalfin, for spiritual guidance; to their only child, Ma. Luaremelch, for her love, priceless gifts of understanding and inspirations; to their parents, for selfless support of their needs; to Ms. Teresita Carpio and Ms. Marylilibeth Paler-Deloso, for facilitating the manuscript for publication; and most especially to GOD for giving the authors' knowledge, understanding, and wisdom which made this book a reality.” - Laurentina Paier-Calmorin, Ph. D., Mechor A. Calmorin, M.S.