Postharvest grain loss assessment methods : a manual of methods for the evaluation of postharvest losses

[s.l.] American Association of General Chemists 1978 .
xii, 193 pages : , This volume stems from the joint and independent efforts of many who have contributed ideas as well as manuscripts. Contributors and Authors Harpers Ferry, WV, Meeting, September 8-10, 1976 Slough, England, June 13-24, 1976 Authors Preface When world food production is viewed as a system, loss and deterioration is seen as a major food-limiting factor. Postharvest loss reduction would benefit from reliable loss estimates and cost/benefit comparisons; improvements also must be acceptable and feasible to introduce. I. Introduction. K. L. Harris and C. J. Lindblad -- Determination of postharvest grain losses requires a blending of, and concepts from, several sciences. -- II. Terms of Reference. K. L. Harris and C. J. Lindblad -- A. Definitions -- Postharvest, losses, food, insects, microbiological defined. -- B. Planning: An Overview for Project Administrators. K. L. Harris Project planning involves many disciplines and concepts, from national priorities to logistics and local cultural values. -- C. An Overview of the Postharvest System: The Food Grain Supply Pipeline. K. L. Harris, W. J. Hoover, C. J. Lindblad, and H. Pfost -- Determination of losses should proceed stepwise from understanding the overall grain-food pipeline to location of leaks and sites where losses are relatively important, can be assessed, and are amenable to loss-reducing interventions. -- D. Preliminary Examination of Specific Problem Points and Making On- Site Rapid Appraisals. G. G. Corbett, K. L. Harris, H. Kaufmann, and C. J. Lindblad -- Rapid on-site appraisals (30-60 days) are both workable and useful to determine feasibility for further investigations and for some inputs, and to delineate specific problem points. -- III. Social and Cultural Guidelines -- A. The Fact-Gathering Milieu. Allan L. Griff -- B. Anthropologic Signposts. C. C. Reining -- Grain loss does not exist independent of human and social influence. Loss assessment and reduction programs need to be seen from within the local setting. Cross-cultural sensitivity and understanding are essential in planning and executing such efforts. Reminders are given on who, what, and how to obtain reliable, useful information on and within the social and domestic organizations and in relation to individuals. Special attention is given to the role of women. -- IV. Representative Sampling, Interpretation of Results, Accuracy, and Reliability. B. A. Drew, with T. A. Granovsky and C. J. Lindblad -- Basic statistical requirements for surveys, sampling, probabilities, and other concepts required in the assessment of losses are presented. -- A. Introduction -- B. Probability Samples -- C. Detailed Instructions -- V. Loss Measurements as Related to Situations Where They Occur -- A. Background Information. D. A. V. Dendy, with K. L. Harris -- Losses are discussed as they occur during threshing, cleaning and winnowing, drying, parboiling, hulling and polishing, and grinding. B. Guidelines for Performing Studies of Farm Storage Losses. J. M. Adams and G. W. Harman -- Evaluation of maize losses in small farms is used to explain loss methods development. -- C. Procedures for Measuring Losses Occurring During or Caused by Processing Including Threshing, Drying, and Milling of Most Grains, but not Maize or Pulses/Groundnuts. D. A. V. Dendy, with K. L. Harris -- Guidelines for studying: • Farm-storage losses • Total system losses • Operator-induced losses • Threshing loss with the straw • Threshing loss, grain damage . Maize shelling loss on the cob • Maize shelling loss, grain damage Dryer-induced loss, laboratory method • Dryer-induced loss, method for use in mill • Batch dryer testing • Continuous dryer testing • Grinding loss as bran Comparison of milling yields by variety Comparison of operators Comparison of mills Due to insect damage • Rice milling losses Batch process One-stage continuous process Two-stage continuous process • Rice hulling losses • Rice polishing losses VI. Standard Measurement Techniques -- A. Preamble to the Methodology. K. L. Harris and C. J. Lindblad -- General background of previous work, previously used estimating procedures and techniques, standardization of results. -- B. Losses Caused by Insects, Mites, and Microorganisms. J. M. Adams and G. G. M. Schulten -- An explanation of several techniques based either on the weight of a measured volume of grain compared with a pre-loss standardized weight or on the separation of damaged kernels and the comparative weights of damaged to undamaged calculated to the whole sample. Also a conversion factor/percent damage method. Weight/unit volume, counts and weights of damaged and undamaged kernels, percent of damage and weight loss, and conversion factor/percent damaged methods are presented. -- • Standard volume/ weight method for damage by insects and microorganisms • Modified standard volume/weight method when a baseline cannot be determined • Count and weigh method • Converted percentage damage method C. Losses in Grain Due to Respiration of Grain and Molds and Other Microorganisms. R. A. Saul, with K. L. Harris -- Weight loss due to grain respiration is unimportant until the moisture is so high that serious microbial deterioration occurs and rejection for food use becomes the dominant factor. Tables are given for calculating losses based on time, temperature, moisture, and physical damage. A formula is given for calculating losses based on weight of damaged and undamaged kernels. Rationale and techniques are presented for basing losses on locally applied rejects. D. Rodents 1. General Considerations, Direct Measurement Techniques, and Biological Aspects of Survey Procedures. W. B. Jackson and M. Temme -- Each rodent ecosystem has features that tend to make it unique. Loss evaluations require preliminary investigation to establish an environmental and loss perspective as to what features require and are amenable to assessment. -- 2. Loss Determinations by Population Assessment and Estimation Procedures. J. H. Greaves -- When they can be undertaken, census and food-intake procedures will give useful results. Three techniques are described: • Survey for infestation • Census trapping and food intake calculation • Lincoln-Peterson method for population estimation E. Measurement of Losses Caused by Birds -- By brief summary only. -- F. Moisture Measurement. T. A. Granovsky, G. Martin, and J. L. Multon -- The measurement of grain moisture is critical for proper assessment of weight changes during storage. (See Appendix C for methods.) A nomograph is given for calculating weight changes resulting from moisture content changes. -- VII. Operations Standardization and Control -- From field observations and sampling through analysis and reporting results, the operation requires standardized procedures and written operations directions and reporting forms. Supervision and built-in controls are required. -- A. Handling of Samples in the Laboratory. T. A. Granovsky -- B. Operations Manuals and Laboratory Records. T. A. Granovsky and K. L. Harris -- VIII. Application and Interpretation of Results -- In assessing losses, it is important to plan and follow a system that will produce the information required, be it related to traditional patterns, proposed interventions, biological parameters, or loss/benefit values. -- A. The Chronologic Approach: Losses as Reflected by Use Patterns. J. M. Adams -- There is a need to assess losses in grain as they are related to the use pattern so as not to base total loss figures on the final condition of residual grain. -- B. Losses and the Economist. M. Greeley and G. W. Harman -- To the economist, "losses" refer to changes in value, and the magnitude of the effort to reduce losses is often dependent on the magnitude of the monetary losses. Loss surveys are viewed from this perspective. -- C. Conversion Into Monetary Values. E. Reusse -- After physical and quantitative assessment, food losses need to be expressed in monetary terms. This is necessary to establish a common denominator for cost/benefit analysis in which cost (investments in potential improvement measures) and benefits (expected reduction of food losses) can be weighed against one another. -- Appendices -- A. Sampling Grain -- 1. Comments on Probing Techniques and Probes -- 2. Techniques for Sampling Bagged Produce. P. Golob Examining every grain in a lot is not physically possible. Thus, the quality of the whole has to be judged on the basis of a sample. The sample must be representative of the individual bag, stack, or lot from which it is drawn. Various techniques to obtain representative samples from bagged commodities are described and discussed. Emphasis is given to problems of probing for samples. -- B. Tables of Random Numbers and Their Use. B. Drew and T. Granovsky -- Sample selection by means of randomization is not an unorganized hit or miss process to assure that an intentional or unintentional bias will not be introduced during sample selection and sampling. Procedures for meeting these requirements are discussed and described. A table of random numbers is given. -- C. Moisture Meters -- A review to help the prospective buyer find which of the many meters best meets the work requirements. Data sheets are given. -- 1. Guidance in the Selection of Moisture Meters for Durable Agricultural Produce. T. N. Okwelogu -- List of meters and characteristics. -- 2. Table of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Federal Grain Inspection Service List of Meters Used in the United States and Their Manufacturers, April 1978 -- 3. French Table of More Recent Moisture Meters with Acceptable Accuracy -- D. Assessment of Profitability of Alternative Farm-Level Storages. M. Greeley -- An approach is given to evaluating three methods of storage improvement for Andhra Pradesh, India. In each case, a cost/benefit ratio is determined and compared.

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Developing world agriculture

s.l. Grosvenor Press International Ltd .
256 pages : , Agriculture development and world agriculture – Food and the threatened environment by Leslie D. Swindale – Evaluating technologies with small farmers by Jacqueline A. Ashby & Carlos A. Quiros – Mumias, Kenya - a study in rural development by Peter Walters – Asia's green revolution by M. S. Swaminathan – A Latin American review by Steve Wiggins – Sweden – Swedish farming: a change of course by Bo Dockered – The role of aquacultural research by Professor E. A. Huisman – Crop production – Researching crop technology by John L. Nickel – Wheat: a crop transformed by D. Byerlee & B. C. Curtis – Research for development by James H. Cock & John Lynam – Rice improvement in the mangroves swamps of West Africa by M. Aygen-Sampong & S. N. Fomba – Post-harvest technology by Valerie P. Howe – South Africa – A foreword of South Africa by Dr. C. S. Blignaut – The deciduous fruit industry of South Africa by Unifruco – Credit in South African agriculture by Dr. Andre Louw – Developing irrigation in South Africa by irrigation exports CC – Animal production and health – Technology for livestock development and the role of aid by Rene Sansoucy – Improving livestock production by P. S. Cocks – The potential of integrated Asian farming systems by P Edwards – Livestock - a key to American food production by Paul Neate – Feeding pigs on local raw materials by Davis H. Machin – Wildlife use on Zimbabwe's rangelands by Brain Child – Heatwater disease by R. A. I. Norval – Special topics – Agroforestry by Jeffrey Burley & Peter J. Wood – Forests, tress and household food security by Julia Falconer & J. E. Mike Arnold – Biomass energy: production and utilisation by D. O. Hall & Rosillo-Calle – Agricultural machinery – The human factor in agricultural mechanisation by D. H. Sutton – A whole crop harvester for the developing world by A. A. Metianu, I. M. Johnson & A. J. Sewell – Rehabilitating agricultural tractors by Raymond Wainwright.

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Spice crops production in the Philippines

By Tabinga, Gabriel A..
s.l. s.n. .
viii, 59 pages : , Chapter I spice crop production – Chapter II ginger – Chapter III onion – Chapter IV garlic – Chapter V black pepper.

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Postharvest grain loss assessment methods : a manual of methods for the evaluation of postharvest losses

Developing world agriculture

Spice crops production in the Philippines