ASCOT Library Zabali Campus

Section I. Sociological foundations –
Chapter 1. The role and scope of sociology. –
The sociological perspective. –
Use of the scientific method in sociology. –
Research techniques commonly used by sociologists. –
The development of sociology. –
Sociology and revolution. –
Models of society: competing perspectives. –
Career in sociology. –
Summary. –
Chapter 2. The nature and role of group behavior. –
The individual and the group. –
Kinds of group life. –
Group pressure on individuals. –
Mechanisms of social interaction. –
Voluntary associations. –
Formal bureaucratic organization. –
Use of statistics. –
Summary. –
Chapter 3. Culture and behavior. –
Culture as a system of norms. –
Culture and the group. –
Manifest and latent aspects of culture. –
Culture and the individual. –
The organization of culture. –
Cultural relativism. –
Summary. –
Chapter 4. Deviance, conformity, and socialization. –
The meaning of socialization. –
Theories of socialization. –
Socialization in the Philippines. –
Conformity and social control. –
Deviance and social change. –
Summary. –
Chapter 5. Philippine values. –
Definition of value. –
General Philippine values.–
Value themes. –
Operational features. –
Value research results. –
Value change and persistence. –
Nationalism versus particularism. –
Value education in the Philippines. –
Summary. –
Chapter 6. Communication, collective behavior, and social movements.–
Communication facilities. –
Conflict and mass communication.–
The role of public opinion. –
Propaganda. –
Social movements. –
Social movements in the Philippines. –
Summary. –
Chapter 7. Social processes. –
Stratification. –
Conflict and competition.–
Competition. –
Assimilation and acculturation. –
Cooperation. –
Differentiation. –
Amalgamation. –
Summary. –
Section II. Social stratification –
Chapter 8. Social class. –
How many social classes? –
Social class under communism. –
Class-linked attitudes. –
Dynamic factors in Philippine class structures. –
The persistence of poverty. –
Interaction between social classes. –
Is there a class struggle? –
Summary. –
Chapter 9. Age, sex, and ethnicity as ascriptive stratification –
Sex and age as ascriptive traits. –
Ethnic conflict. –
Social distance as a measure of ethnic relationships. –
Cultural communities. –
Land and development. –
Do minorities have rights? –
Cultural pluralism and integration. –
Filipino-American relationships.–
Assimilation or cultural pluralism for the Chinese? –
Muslims and Christians. –
Summary. –
Section III. Institutional behavior –
Chapter 10. Institutions. –
Institutionalization. –
Education. –
Value conflicts. –
Government and the economy. –
Consensus and dissent. –
The interrelationship of institutions. –
Summary. –
Chapter 11. The family. –
Family patterns. –
Family composition. –
The Filipino family in modern society. –
Family and the larger society. –
Summary. –
Chapter 12. Religion and society. –
Religion of the early Filipinos. –
Folk religion. –
Contemporary religious groups in the Philippines. –
Para-church organizations. –
Religion as a source of international contracts. –
Pluralism and ecumenicity. –
Concepts utilized. –
Legislation and religious viewpoints. –
Change in the churches. –
Social issues and liberation theology. –
Summary. –
Section IV. Communities and population. –
Chapter 13. The rural community. –
The critical importance of the rural areas in the Philippine development. –
Culture of the rural communities. –
Rural culture. –
Health and medical care. –
Formal organizations. –
Government in rural areas. –
The economy of rural areas. –
Rural unrest. –
Historical background of Filipino agrarian troubles. –
Rural improvement programs. –
New directions in the rural society. –
Summary. –
Chapter 14. The urban community. –
History and growth of city of life. –
Urban social structure and institutions. –
The urban ecological processes. –
Social class and ethnicity in the city. –
The future of the city. –
A new urban order. –
Summary. –
Chapter 15. Population growth and distribution. –
Demography as a filed of study. –
Population composition and distribution. –
Sources of demographic change: fertility, mortality, migration. –
The "population explosion": causes and possible solutions. –
Rapid population growth as a social problem. –
Alternative strategies for reducing population growth. –
Summary.

The events of February 1986 brought a new government and new possibilities to the Republic of the Philippines. Many problems remain, but the spontaneous reaction of the people overturned the Marcos regime and ushered in a government committed to observe democratic procedures, root out corruption and respect human rights. Laudable as such ideals are, they are not self-enforcing. It is our hope that an understanding of sociology will provide some of the undergirding needed to carry these lofty ideals into practice. It is to that purpose that this edition is dedicated.

This is the fourth edition of Sociology in the Philippine setting. The first edition was published in 1954, followed by a revision in 1963 and a977. This edition combines the sociological foundation established in earlier years and the results of current sociological research. While care has been taken to update it, there has been no effort to eliminate earlier references. The emphasis in sociological research varies over time, and items exhaustively pursued in one decade may be given little attention in another. This text endeavors to bring together the materials most relevant to sociological understanding regardless of the date they appeared. The previous edition ended with a chapter on social change. Since social change is a dominant theme in every chapter, we decided that it was unnecessary and perhaps confusing to have a separate treatment. Hence, there is no separate chapter on social change in this edition.
This new book has profited from the research of the past decade but it makes no pretense to being an exhaustive chronicle of the Philippine sociology. Instead, a deliberate effort has been made to keep the text at the level of comprehension of the beginning student. It is hoped that the text will stimulate students' thinking and broaden their understanding without frustrating them by moving into areas they are not equipped to assimilate. this book is designed as introduction; it makes no claim to being a definitive treatise.

While we have tried to write in clear and simple language, no effort was made to avoid the usage of standard sociological terms. The acquisition of a specialized vocabulary is an important part of a student's education and we have provided a glossary to help him cope wit the less familiar expressions.

Sociology in the Philippine setting was first produced to meet the need for a suitable introductory text for Filipino students. We tried to provide a text both cosmopolitan and indigenous - one that would provide a Philippine framework for the discussion of sociological principles developed by scholars from many countries. The degree to which we reached this goal is for the reader to decide. Reaching a suitable blend of the international and the national continues to be our objective.
Sociology in the Philippine Setting grew out of my academic experience in the Philippines. This includes teaching and research at the University of the Philippines, Diliman; Siliman University, Dumaguete, and Central Philippine University, Iloilo City. Twice I have been a research associate of the Institute of Philippine Culture and contact with the personnel of that office has greatly increased my understanding of Philippine social life. I have also been able to meet with a number of faculty and students at other institutions. My Philippine visits have been made possible by three Fulbright Grants as well as the support of my home institution, Western Michigan University, and the hospitality of Philippine schools, especially Central Philippine University. I have had intermittent contacts with the Philippines over a 33-year period. The first sojourn was a fascinating and stimulating visit only exceeded by the deepening experience of later trips.

Filipino society has been extraordinarily open to this visiting American. In addition to sociologists, several acquaintances from other fields have shared their thoughts with me. They include government officials, teachers, social workers, farmers, clergy, lawyers, physicians, businessmen, publishers and a host of others too numerous a catalog.

Since I exercised editorial discretion, the final products differ a bit from the original contributions. Anything valuable should be credited to the coauthor, while mistakes or omissions are my responsibility.

No list of acknowledgements is ever complete and I should hereby like to thank all those many friends and colleagues who shared their insights with me. Some of them are mentioned in the footnotes and are well known in the annals of Philippine social science. Others, such as my golf-course cronies, made a more informal type contribution which was nonetheless valuable. My coauthors were all tremendously helpful.

In recognition of the advance of Philippine sociology, pictures are included of four distinguished authorities. This does not exhaust the ranks of competent sociologists and several others could have been added.

One author appears for the first time in this edition - Michael Costello of Xavier University - who wrote chapters one and fifteen. Lourdes Quisumbing, who as president of Maryknoll Foundation, contributed chapters four and five, is now the minister of eduction, culture and sports, Socorro Espiritu, of Katha Publishing, wrote chapter eleven; Luis Lacar, of MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, chapter thirteen, while I wrote the remaining chapters. We regret that the pressure of her duties with the United Nations Children Fund in Nairobi made it impossible for Mary Racelis Hollnsteiner to contribute a chapter on the urban community. Some of the material in that chapter is carried over from her work in the last edition. Special mention should be made of Socorro Espiritu, who has contributed chapters in all four editions and whose advice and support have been invaluable. The line drawings of Edgar Soller have been supplemented by Nelson Diesto. Like the previous editions, this one is only possible because the Phoenix Publishing House, especially its president, Jesus Ernesto R. Sibal, gave support and encouragement. It is a pleasure to acknowledge that I was greatly helped by my wife. Her patience and understanding made the writing grind far more endurable, while her editorial work and typing were indispensable aids in getting the book into its final form."
- Chester L. Hunt