23. Functions of sex chromosome –
24. Sex determination –
25. Genetic code –
26. Protein synthesis (central dogma & transcription) –
27. Genetic engineering –
28. Methods of crop improvement –
29. Mass selection –
30. Pure-line and pure-line selection –
31. Clone and clonal selection –
32. Hybridization –
33. Heterosis or hybrid vigour –
34. Plant introduction and acclimatization –
35. Mutation breeding –
36. Breeding for disease resistance –
37. Improved seed-its production, multiplication, distribution, maintenance and testing –
38. Breeding strategies in tree crops –
39. Species and provenance selection –
40. Tree-seed collection, testing and storage –
41. Selection and testing of superior tress –
42. Seed orchards –
43. Vegetative propagation –
44. Glossary.